现代民族的不同道路:中亚和近东的分权和集权(英文)

【摘要】：正The 15 and 16 centuries constitute a turning point in Asian history.In earlier periods we witness phases of universalism where Asia was ruled by empires followed by phases of localism when a fragmentation of political structure was visible with many small states, principalities and tribes.After the 16~(th) century these phases are not to be encountered,instead we witness the rule of regional empires,such as the Chinese the Russian empires,the Mughals in India,the Uzbeks in Transoxiana,the Safavids in Iran,and the Ottomans in the Near East. The establishment and development of these regional empires also meant the end of nomadic migrations and conquests,and for the most part the end of the power-sharing practices that had been the norm in Inner Asia.Some of nomadic people disappeared completely from the historical scene,while others such as the Kazakhs and the Mongols became part of the Russian and Chinese empires. Among the regional empires the Turkic speaking peoples had a differing developmental history.While Central Asian states such as the Uzbeks and the Kazakhs under Russian rule, continued to hold on to their earlier traditions of power-sharing,the Ottomans in West Asia transformed themselves into a state based on concentration of power,thus diverging from the earlier traditions of power-sharing.However,they all found their way into modern statehood. This paper will examine such varying forms of transitions to modem statehood in Turkey, Uzbekistan,and Kazakhstan.